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traffic wave
Traffic waves, also called stop waves or traffic shocks, are traveling disturbances in the distribution of cars on a highway. Traffic waves travel backwards relative to the cars themselves. 〔 Daganzo C.F
1994 The cell transmission model: a simple dynamic representation of highway traffic. Trans. Res. B. 28, 269–287. doi:10.1016/0191-2615(94)90002-7〕 Relative to a fixed spot on the roads the waves can move with, or against the traffic, or even be stationary (when the waves moves away from the traffic with the exactly same speed as the traffic). Traffic waves are a type of traffic jam. A deeper understanding of traffic waves is a goal of the physical study of traffic flow, in which traffic itself can often be seen using techniques similar to those used in fluid dynamics.
==Mitigation==
It has been said〔(Traffic Wave Experiments ), William J. Beaty, 1998〕 that by knowing how traffic waves are created, drivers can sometimes reduce their effects by increasing vehicle headways and reducing the use of brakes, ultimately alleviating traffic congestion for everyone in the area.
However, in other models, increasing headway leads to diminishing the capacity of the travel lanes, increasing the congestion, however disputed by acknowledging the fact that similar principles apply too hearding sheep through gates, and that in such a case via. human intervention solitons are diminished simply by slapping "stuck sheep" and holding back aggressive sheep. In funnelling sheep through gates it can be determined how much intervention is needed to curb bottle necks. Similar principles can be applied to human traffic streams, where, if each individual had the knowledge of final destination and complete route planning, then traversal along a route would be done so with the full knowledge that any abrupt change from any itinerary causes delays for those about to traverse the same route.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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